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Renfroe Holdings GK (Japan / 合同会社)

Japanese Godo Kaisha holding Mita Garden Hills 1009 (Tokyo, Minato-ku). Triggers Form 5471 starting Austin's 2025 return. Fiscal year Nov 1 – Oct 31. NEW successor GK in flight via Tohyama Office (membership-interest transfer at FMV — US capital-gain exposure pending).

At a glance

Field Value
Legal name レンフローホールディングス合同会社 (Renfroe Holdings Godo Kaisha)
Casual / DBA "GK" / "Renfroe Holdings GK"
Form Japanese 合同会社 (Godo Kaisha = Japanese LLC analog)
Jurisdiction Japan
Filing # Corporate # 0100-03-046236
EIN / TIN n/a (foreign corp; Japanese tax ID via ABS Partners filings)
Formed 2025-01-24
Status active
Tax classification (US) Foreign corporation by default (per se under Treas. Reg. 301.7701-2) — but Japanese GK is NOT a per se corporation; can elect Form 8832 disregarded entity within 75 days of formation. 8832 election deadline ~April 9, 2025 per Nick Rosado memo. Election status not confirmed in repo — flagged as possibly missed.
Tax classification (foreign, if applicable) Japanese GK; ABS Partners filings under fiscal year ending Oct 31
Owner / members 100% Renfroe Family Holdings, LLC as of 2025-08-19. Austin acts as 職務執行者 (officer executing duties on behalf of the LLC, since LLCs can't act directly in Japan).
Manager / officer Austin Renfroe (職務執行者 on behalf of RFH)
Registered agent Tohyama Office (judicial scrivener Takeshima Tohru, [email protected])
Registered address Nihonbashi Honcho 4-10-10-602, Chuo-ku, Tokyo (Regus virtual office — paid coworking address, not the unit itself)
Operating address Property address: Mita Garden Hills, Unit 1009, Minato-ku, Mita 1-chome, 102-1
Active mandates TSB KYC renewal (Mar 2026 in flight); Mitsui Realty rental listing; GK FY2026 reporting cycle (FY ends Oct 31 2026); first US Form 5471 with Austin's 2025 personal return; Loan #3 maturity 2026-09-30; NEW Renfroe Holdings GK formation by Tohyama Office — successor entity to take over Mita ownership at FMV (US cap-gain exposure pending Pearce / K&R review)
Last reviewed 2026-05-09 (Claude session)

Status & active mandates

  • PROPOSED second GK formation via Tohyama Office — NOT YET EXECUTED. Tohyama is engaged but waiting on Austin to provide forms + US-LLC existence cert + affidavit. Austin is gating the move on US-side capital-gain analysis from Pearce / Kim & Rosado. ABS Partners — Endo on the JP-tax side has cleared the Japan-side mechanism (FMV mark-to-market on transfer date). Today: this is still the SOLE GK holding Mita 1009. If/when execution happens, this entity would be wound down and a successor second GK would inherit Mita ownership; that successor's cap table is TBD pending Pearce + Kim & Rosado on member-of-record. See tax/2025-filing-prep.md for US-side tax implications + context/contradictions.md CON-01.
  • TSB KYC renewal — March 2026 thread [KYC Renew]レンフローホールディングス合同会社 with Claire Yamamoto. Status: in flight, not yet confirmed completed.
  • Mitsui Realty rental listing — Yamamoto-san issued rental valuation 2026-03-09; not yet listed publicly per repo.
  • GK FY2025 corporate + consumption-tax return filed 2026-02-02 by ABS Partners.
  • GK FY2026 reporting cycle now open (fiscal year ends Oct 31 2026).
  • US Form 5471 for Austin's 2025 personal return — first required filing (not yet filed; on the 2025-cycle Pearce list per tax/2025-filing-prep.md). Category likely 4 and/or 5a.
  • Austin → GK Loan #3 maturity 2026-09-30 ($150K, 1% p.a.).
  • PFIC analysis pending — if rental income is predominantly passive rather than real estate trade or business, PFIC treatment could be severe.

Purpose & operations

Holds Mita Garden Hills Unit 1009 (Tokyo, Minato-ku) — luxury condo unit purchased via complex 15-step funding chronology (see accounting/mita-purchase-price-reconciliation.md). Property registered to GK 2025-05-16. TSB ¥780M mortgage advanced 2025-07-28. Currently furnished, leasing-ready as of early 2026; not yet listed publicly. Insurance via Mitsui Sumitomo Marine (5-year prepaid policy 2025-07-23 → 2030-07-23).

Business purpose per Articles of Incorporation: real estate (hold, lease, manage, sell) + securities (hold, manage, trade) + related activities. Capital ¥10,000 nominal; property funded via wires + bank financing, not equity.

Timeline of events

Comprehensive Mita-keyed timeline at context/by-property-deep-dive.md § 1.10 + funding chronology at accounting/mita-purchase-price-reconciliation.md. Slice below.

Date Event Notes / source
2023-04-09 Saho POA + Affidavit signed (Austin authorizes Yuriko to execute Mita purchase paperwork) Synology Closing Documents
2023-04-25 Original Mita sales contract: ¥760M, Austin personally as buyer; ¥152M deposit wired Synology Mita Sales Contract.pdf
2024-08-15 Special Changes Addendum signed (¥53,905,500 incl. tax — bespoke modifications) Synology Closing Documents
2025-01-24 GK formed (Austin personal + Yuriko Saho/Kato as initial co-members) Synology Formation/Initial Registration.pdf
2025-01-29 Tohyama Office bills GK ¥144,570 for formation Synology
2025-03-04 RFH joins GK; Austin retires personally Synology
2025-03-13 Austin signs Affidavit + POA #2 (SMBC/TSB/Mitsui KYC) Synology
2025-03-31 Overseas Remittance Refund Request Form filed (¥152M deposit refund destination = WF 6248) Synology
2025-04-02 Wire 2 sent: $1,029,284.76 USD via Brex Treasury → SMBC → Mitsui (settled at ¥152.08M) Synology
2025-04-04 Ownership Change Agreement signed (Austin → GK as buyer) Synology
2025-04-08 GK's new sales contract concluded Per Assignment-of-Deposit instructions (physical contract not yet in Synology)
2025-04-21 Austin signs Pinnacle bridge term loan ($3.5M, 60-day, Term SOFR + 2.50%) Pinnacle docs
2025-04-22 Wire 3 sent: Pinnacle Financial → SMBC → Mitsui ¥683,179,800 Synology
2025-04-22 GK Loan #1 signed (RFH → GK ¥836,037,370 / $6,174,789.85, 1% p.a., maturing 2025-07-25) Synology Loan agreements
2025-04-22 Yamashita Law engagement signed Synology
2025-04-24 Mitsui applies ¥683.18M as remainder (残代金) on GK's contract Synology
2025-05-08 GK 0593 → Burr & Forman $3,500 (Pinnacle counsel fees) Brex
2025-05-12 Pinnacle restates $600K personal LOC Pinnacle
2025-05-16 Property formally registered to GK (Tokyo Legal Affairs Bureau filing #13700; registration license tax ¥939,700) Synology Initial Registration
2025-06-06 GK 0593 → Pinnacle $19,238.66 (May bridge interest) Brex
2025-06-20 First GK 0593 advisor invoices paid (Withers JP $2,660; Yamashita $1,808) Brex
2025-06-21 Pinnacle bridge matures (extended) Per gap to 2025-07-28
2025-07-23 $350K parents loan (Eugene + Jana joint) → GK Brex 0593 ("JANA P RENFROE JOINT - FUND HOLDING CO"); insurance ¥356,190 lump-sum prepaid (Sumitomo Marine, 5yr) Brex / Synology
2025-07-24 GK Loan #2 signed (RFH → GK ¥50M / $350K); $350K wire GK 0593 → TSB Synology
2025-07-28 TSB advances ¥780M mortgage; GK converts ¥780M → $5,238,766.88 USD at FX 148.89; ¥3,221,900 + ¥880 fee paid to Solariage Judicial Scrivener for property registration + TSB mortgage-collateral filing Synology TSB calc
2025-07-29 $1,155,451.95 incoming to GK 0593 from Gavon personal Brex
2025-07-30 $1,155,643.93 sweep GK 0593 → Brex Primary Brex
2025-08-19 Yuriko Kato retires; RFH becomes sole member Synology Formation/2025.08.22 受付のお知らせ.pdf
2025-08-22 Tokyo Legal Affairs Bureau acknowledges Yuriko removal Same
2025-08-01 ABS Partners engagement effective Synology
2025-08-31 ABS Partners engagement letter signed Synology
2025-10-01 GK Loan #3 signed (RFH → GK $150K, 1-year @ 1%) Synology
2025-10-15 $150K Loan #3 funded (FX 150.15) Synology Proof of wire
2025-10-30 Mitsui DesignTec curtain install begins Synology Operations/Expenses
2025-12-04 Window treatment plan finalized Synology
2025-12-08 Curtain install (Mitsui DesignTec) Synology
2026-01-29 Deed (証明書) issuance date Synology 20260129133701-0001 (Deed showing costs).pdf
2026-02-02 GK FY2025 (Nov 1 2024 – Oct 31 2025) tax return filed by ABS Partners Synology Taxes/2025/
2026-03-01 ABS Partners SOW finalized via DocuSign Synology
2026-03-09 Mitsui Realty rental valuation (賃貸査定書) issued mailbox
2026-03-31 Austin Fw of KYC Renew thread to Claire Yamamoto mailbox
2026-04-30 Mita ongoing-issue thread w/ Tohyama T. Takeshima mailbox

People

Internal (employees, contractors, officers, members)

Name Role Status Notes
Austin Renfroe 職務執行者 (officer executing duties for RFH) active LLC member acts via individual representative under Japanese GK rules
Renfroe Family Holdings, LLC Sole member (since 2025-08-19) active
Yuriko Kato (née Saho) ([email protected]) Original GK co-member retired 2025-08-19 Holds 2023 + 2025 POAs authorizing Mita signings on Austin's behalf. Active with Shu Endo on 2026-Q1 GK tax coordination

External counterparties

Firm / individual Role Mandate / scope Status
Tokyo Star Bank — Claire Yamamoto ([email protected]) Primary relationship banker TSB ¥780M mortgage; KYC renewal active March 2026 active
Mitsui Realty — Yamamoto-san ([email protected]) + K. Matsuo ([email protected]) Mita post-purchase property liaison Rental valuation, leasing active
Mitsui Residential (seller side) — Harashima Kyoko, Okada Norishi/Kenji, Kamura Toru Bespoke modifications counterparty Special Changes Addendum (signed 2024-08-15) (closed)
Mitsubishi Estate Residence — Miyajima Masaharu Co-seller, 2023 contract one-time inactive
ABS Partners — Shusaku ("Shu") Endo + Kyomi Endo ([email protected], [email protected]) GK accountant Engagement effective 2025-08-01; filed FY2025 GK tax return 2026-02-02 active
Pinnacle Financial Partners — Brent Boltwood + Jake Randolph + Bethany Allen Bridge term loan banker $3.5M, 60-day bridge signed 2025-04-21; matured 2025-06-21 then extended to 2025-07-28 takeout active (PLOC + bridge facilities)
Burr & Forman LLP — Patrick Clarke Pinnacle outside counsel One-time mandate (closed)
Solariage Judicial Scrivener Law Firm One-time registration Registered to GK May 2025; paid ¥3,221,900 on 2025-07-28 for property registration + TSB mortgage-collateral filing (closed)
Tohyama Office — T. Takeshima ([email protected]) Judicial scrivener Originally billed GK ¥144,570 for formation 2025-01-29. Active 2026-04 Mita-side traffic. Forming the NEW Renfroe Holdings GK (successor entity) to take over Mita ownership. Open question: ongoing scope. active
Yamashita Law (Yushi Osonoe partner) Japanese counsel Engaged 2025-04-22 (mandate: Mitsui contract negotiation only); matter likely closed but engagement record not formally terminated (likely closed)
Withers KhattarWong LLP Japan / Withers Bengoshi Houjin — Naoko Kinoshita, Erin Gutierrez Japanese tax advice on GK / Mita Paid from Brex Primary (RFH) and Brex GK 0593 active
Regus Tokyo Azabu ([email protected]) Virtual office at registered address recurring active
Mitsui Sumitomo Marine Insurance carrier 5-year homeowner policy ¥356,190 lump-sum prepaid 2025-07-23 → 2030-07-23 active
Mitsui DesignTec Curtain install + window treatments one-time (Oct-Dec 2025) (closed)
Pearce Bevill + Kim & Rosado US tax / structuring Form 5471 + 8832 strategy + cross-border active

Companies & vendors

Vendor Service Cadence Capex / expense Notes
Mitsui Fudosan Property management — leasing brokerage per-deal mixed Rental brochure issued
Mitsui DesignTec Curtain install / window treatments one-time capex Oct-Dec 2025
ABS Partners Accounting / tax recurring expense FY2025 cycle filed
Tohyama Office (Takeshima) Judicial scrivener project expense Active in successor-GK formation
Sumitomo Marine Insurance 5-yr prepaid expense (amortized)
Regus Tokyo Azabu Virtual office recurring expense

Finances

Bank accounts

Institution Account # / last-4 Type Status Signatories Notes
Tokyo Star Bank (Japan) TSB head office account 100-12-01-7997469 (one of) operating JPY active Austin (via 職務執行者) Primary operating; rents in, expenses out. Austin wants money to stay in Japan
Tokyo Star Bank (Japan) (USD facility, opened 2025-07) operating USD active Austin Used for Mita TSB outflow
Brex •••• 0593 operating USD active Austin Narrow conduit; primarily for funds moving between US and Japan around Mita purchase. $1.155M swept GK 0593 → Brex Primary 2025-07-30

Credit cards

None.

Loans / liabilities

Lender Type Outstanding Terms PG status Notes
Tokyo Star Bank Mortgage on Mita 1009 ¥780M base advanced 2025-07-28 TBD per amortization schedule (not yet locked into repo) n/a (GK is borrower) Yen-denominated monthly debit; flagged in accounting/mita-deep-dive.md open items
RFH (intercompany Loan #1) RFH → GK ¥836,037,370 ($6.17M) 1% p.a., maturing 2025-07-25 n/a Papers Mita Wires 2 + 3
RFH (intercompany Loan #2) RFH → GK ¥50,000,000 ($350K) 1% p.a. n/a Papers parents-loan parallel; signed 2025-07-24
RFH (intercompany Loan #3) RFH → GK $150,000 1-year @ 1% p.a., maturity 2026-09-30 n/a Signed 2025-10-01

Parents → Austin AFR-compliant promissory note (parallel to Five Points AFR; required for §7872 / 1099-INT compliance) — separate Mita-related note required. Per Austin 2026-05-09: needs its own AFR note (parallel posture to the Five Points AFR note Stuart Memory was looking for Sep 2025).

Tax accounts & posture

  • Returns filed: Japanese FY2025 (Nov 1 2024 – Oct 31 2025) corp + consumption-tax return filed by ABS 2026-02-02. Japanese FY2026 法定調書 (statutory information return) folder exists in Synology Taxes/2025/.
  • NOL carryforward: TBD (Japanese FY2025 first cycle just filed).
  • Tax year-end: Nov 1 – Oct 31 (NOT calendar year — matters for US tax coordination).
  • Foreign tax credits: Japanese corp tax → US FTC available; coordinate via Pearce + Endo.
  • Specific elections: Form 8832 election deadline ~April 9, 2025 (75-day window from 2025-01-24 formation). Status not confirmed in repo. If missed, GK defaults to per se foreign corp with PFIC overlay.
  • Open tax positions:
  • 8832 election filing (or missed deadline analysis) — Pearce + K&R.
  • PFIC posture — passive vs. real estate trade-or-business classification depends on lease structure.
  • Land vs. building basis allocation: ABS booked ¥545.4M land + ¥244.7M building per FY2025 R7 return; Pearce / Shu Endo to finalize US-side allocation.
  • ¥152M deposit refund accounting (Austin's basis = return of capital; on RFH books, Apr-4 ¥152.08M = capital contribution to GK papered as Loan #1).
  • ¥683M wire treatment (Pinnacle → SMBC direct, never transited Brex; on RFH books = single capital-contribution-to-GK journal papered as Loan #1).
  • Successor-GK transfer at FMV — US capital-gain exposure on transferring US LLC, pending Pearce / K&R review.
  • Real estate acquisition tax ¥4,130,000 estimated — payment receipt confirmation.

Capital flows (in / out)

  • Capital: ¥10,000 nominal capital at formation.
  • Funding chronology (15 steps locked in accounting/mita-purchase-price-reconciliation.md):
  • Wire 1: Austin's personal ¥152M deposit 2023-04-25 (refunded post-closing to WF 6248).
  • Wire 2: RFH Brex Treasury → SMBC → Mitsui $1.029M USD 2025-04-02 (→ ¥152.08M).
  • Wire 3: Pinnacle Financial → SMBC → Mitsui ¥683.18M 2025-04-22 (never transited Brex).
  • Parents' $350K → GK Brex 0593 2025-07-23 (used same-day to fund TSB JPY account opening).
  • TSB ¥780M mortgage advance 2025-07-28; outflow uses ~$3.55M Pinnacle bridge payoff + $1.155M sweep to Brex Primary + ~$0.5M residual.
  • RFH → GK Loans #1, #2, #3 papering the intercompany flows.

Real assets

Asset Description Carrying value Market value Notes
Mita Garden Hills Unit 1009 (Tokyo, Minato-ku, Mita 1-chome, 102-1, house # 102-1-1009) Luxury condo, registered to GK 2025-05-16 ABS booked ¥545.4M land + ¥244.7M building (FY2025 R7) ~$14.5M (≈ ¥2.18B at recent FX; ~3× appreciation since 2023 contract) Adjusted purchase + fees ¥835,355,900 (≈ $5.65M). Real estate acquisition tax ¥4.13M estimated separate

Insurance & compliance

Coverage / filing Carrier / authority Status Notes
Homeowner / property Mitsui Sumitomo Marine active 2025-07-23 → 2030-07-23 5-year ¥356,190 lump-sum prepaid
BOIR n/a n/a Foreign corp, not US LLC
Japanese FY2025 corp + consumption tax ABS Partners filed 2026-02-02 Operation #/JP filing receipt in Synology
Japanese FY2026 法定調書 (statutory info return) ABS Partners folder exists; filing status TBD
US Form 5471 2025 IRS (with Austin's 2025 return) pending; first cycle Category 4 and/or 5a likely
US Form 8832 (8832 election) IRS status unknown — possibly missed (75-day deadline ~April 9, 2025) Pearce + K&R
US PFIC analysis IRS pending Depends on lease structure
FBAR (TSB account) FinCEN required for 2025 TSB ¥780M advanced 2025-07-28; balance peaked then before being wired out

Intercompany relationships

  • Funded by: RFH (capital contributions papered as Loans #1-3); $350K from parents (joint Eugene + Jana account, 2025-07-23) flowed through to GK 0593; TSB mortgage advance 2025-07-28.
  • Funds: Mita property operations, TSB mortgage debt service, vendors (Mitsui Fudosan, Mitsui DesignTec, Solariage, Tohyama, ABS, Withers JP, Regus, Sumitomo Marine), $1.155M swept to Brex Primary 2025-07-30.
  • Receivables / payables to siblings: RFH carries ¥836M + ¥50M + $150K loan receivables from GK.
  • Services rendered to / received from siblings: Austin acts as 職務執行者 (officer for RFH inside GK).

Open litigation / disputes

None identified.

Documents & records

/mnt/synology-cloud/Business/Renfroe Holdings GK (Mita Garden Hills)/:

  • Closing Documents/ (canonical purchase-side artifact set): Mita Sales Contract.pdf (original 2023-04-25); Financial Plan; Special Changes Addendum (¥53.9M); 特別変更に関する合意書; オーナーズスタイリング (full-color floor plan); 名義変更に関する合意書 Ownership Change Agreement (signed)(stamped).pdf (Austin → GK, 2025-04-04); Overseas Remittance Refund Request Form (2025-03-31); Assignment of April 4 Deposit (¥152.08M); Assignment of April 22 Deposit (¥683.18M); Wire confirmations; Deed (showing costs) 2026-01-29; 2023-04-09 Saho POA + Affidavit; 議事録 Board of Directors Meeting Minutes; Floor plan modifications/.
  • Formation/ — Articles of Incorporation; initial registration; certificate of history; revised registration after Mita assignment; Saho-removal acknowledgment from Legal Affairs Bureau 2025-08-22.
  • Finance and Accounting/Purchase Financing/Tokyo Star Bank Mortgage/ — KYC sheets, loan application, Due Diligence Documents (multiple RENFROE FY 2021–2024 audited financials, 2022/2023 personal returns, W2s, Gavon Renfroe PFS docs).
  • Finance and Accounting/Purchase Financing/Pinnacle Bank Bridge Financing/ — Pinnacle-Renfroe execution-version loan docs; Pinnacle LOC subfolder.
  • Finance and Accounting/Loan agreement between RFH and Gavon Renfroe/ — three loan PDFs (#1, #2, #3) + 2025.10.15 Proof of wire to TSB.
  • Finance and Accounting/Bank Account Information/ — JPY + USD account opening docs at TSB; TSB wiring information; 2025.07.23 Wire to TSB to open bank account.
  • Finance and Accounting/Taxes/2025/R7年_法定調書; 第1期(R7年10月期)法人税・消費税申告書 (FY2025 corp + consumption-tax return); R8年_償却資産申告書 (FY2026 depreciable-asset return).
  • Operations/ — Insurance/Mita Garden Hills 1009 Insurance.pdf (Sumitomo Marine 5yr); Vendors/Mitsui Fudosan/Rental Brochure; Vendors/Yamashita Law (engagement letter); Vendors/ABS Partners (engagement letter); Lease Listing/ (template, brochure, parking maps); Common Area Reservations/Guest Room Booking Information.txt; Expenses/; Photos/; Saho POA.pdf and Renfroe Holdings GK Seal.jpg.

Missing / open in Synology:

  • April 8 2025 GK-as-buyer sales contract — referenced on Assignment-of-Deposit forms but physical contract not in Synology share. Need from Mitsui Realty (Yamamoto-san).
  • TSB mortgage promissory note + amortization schedule — disbursement calc is in Synology, but the loan agreement itself + amort schedule not yet captured.
  • Real estate acquisition tax (¥4,130,000 estimated) payment receipt.
  • Date of Austin's ¥152M refund to WF 6248 — Austin's recollection: post-closing, after May 2025; confirming requires WF 6248 May–Sept 2025 statement.

Repo files:

Open questions

Comprehensive list at context/by-property-deep-dive.md § 1.11. Top:

  1. Form 8832 election — was it filed within the 75-day window from 2025-01-24 (deadline ~April 9, 2025)? If not, GK defaults to per se corp + PFIC overlay.
  2. PFIC posture — passive vs. real estate trade or business classification.
  3. Tohyama T. Takeshima ongoing scope — judicial scrivener engaged for proposed second-GK formation (not yet executed); building-management coordination? Active mail traffic Apr 2026.
  4. TSB mortgage amortization schedule — yen-denominated monthly debit needs to be in repo.
  5. April 8 2025 GK-as-buyer contract — physical contract still missing.
  6. Real estate acquisition tax (¥4.13M) — payment receipt confirmed?
  7. Pinnacle bridge actual payoff date + amount — bridge extended from June 21 to July 28 takeout; exact figures pending.
  8. Refund of original ¥152M deposit to WF 6248 — exact deposit-out date pending WF 6248 May–Sept 2025 statement.
  9. ¥1.155M sweep purpose — GK 0593 → Brex Primary 2025-07-30 (matches prior-day inbound). Need formal classification.
  10. Successor GK formation — cap table + activation sequence + US capital-gain exposure on transferring US LLC.
  11. Parents → Austin AFR promissory note (Mita-related) — separate from the Five Points one; needs §7872 / 1099-INT-compliant draft.
  • Parent: Renfroe Family Holdings, LLC (sole member since 2025-08-19).
  • Children: None.
  • Sibling cross-references:
  • All US sub-LLCs via RFH — closest parallel: Five Points BHM (similar parents-AFR-loan funding pattern).
  • PROPOSED second Renfroe Holdings GK (successor entity, formation engaged with Tohyama Office but NOT yet executed) — would inherit Mita 1009 ownership IF/when Austin provides documents + US-side capital-gain analysis lands.
  • Out-of-scope cross-references: E.A. Renfroe & Company (RENFROE) — Austin's S-corp, not in this stack but Pinnacle's PFS+ docs include RENFROE FY 2021–2024 audited financials as DD support for the TSB mortgage.

Revision log

Date Author Change
2026-05-09 Claude session Initial population from accounting/mita-deep-dive.md, accounting/mita-purchase-price-reconciliation.md, context/by-property-deep-dive.md §1, context/entities.md, context/communications-deep-dive.md, tax-and-cap-table-audit-2026-05-09.md §1.3.